Key points

• n-bit 2's complement range: −2^(n−1) to 2^(n−1) − 1.
• NAND and NOR are universal gates.
• K-map groups are of size 1, 2, 4, 8…; make the largest groups possible.
• n-bit ripple carry adder delay is O(n); carry lookahead is O(log n).